Aggregation kinetics of polystyrene nanoplastics in gastric environments: Effects of plastic properties, solution conditions, and gastric constituents

Nanoplastics are inevitably ingested into human gastric environment, wherein their aggregation kinetics and interactions with gastric constituents remain unclear. This study investigated the early-stage (20 min) and long-term (1–6 h) aggregation kinetics of four commonly-found polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) including NP100 (100-nm), A-NP100 (100-nm, amino-modified), C-NP100 (100-nm, carboxyl-modified), and NP500 (500-nm) under gastric conditions. Five simulated human gastric fluids (SGFs) including SGF1-3 (0–3.2 g/L pepsin and 34.2 mM NaCl), SGF4 (400 mM glycine), and SGF5 (nine constituents), three pH (2, fasted state; 3.5, late-fed state; and 5, early-fed state), and 1–100 mg/L PSNPs were examined. Aggregation rates ranked NP100 > A-NP100 ≈ C-NP100 > NP500, SGF5 > SGF4 > SGF3 > SGF2 > SGF1, and pH 2 > 3.5 > 5. Increasing PSNP concentration enhanced aggregation rate up to 13.82 nm/s. Aggregation behavior generally followed the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Pepsin, glycine, and proteose-peptone strongly influenced PSNP stability via electrostatic interaction and steric hindrance imparted by protein corona. Freundlich isotherm suggested that PSNPs adsorbed organic constituents following lysozyme > porcine bile > proteose-peptone > pepsin > glycine > D-glucose, inducing changes in constituent structure and PSNP properties. These findings provide insights on the transport of nanoplastics in the gastric environments.