Air quality and health impacts

Associations between air pollution and overall morbidity and mortality have long been identified in Europe. Epidemiological studies have shown that there is an increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality due to exposures from both particulate and gaseous pollutants such as ozone. The Mediterranean basin is under the influence of both transported and locally emitted primary and secondary air pollutants. The region is particularly susceptible to Saharan dust transport episodes, and there are several studies linking these with increased all-cause and respiratory mortality. However, there is a need for in-depth studies of these events and their connection to public health. Associations between air pollution resulting from biomass burning and morbidity and mortality have also been highlighted. Recent data show that air pollution, through various mechanisms, impacts not only the lungs and heart but other organs as well. Additionally, climate change is expected to introduce further challenges, including impacts on air quality and the synergistic effects of heat and air pollution, especially in areas already vulnerable to climate change. This chapter summarizes the exposure of the population to atmospheric pollutants, the short- and long-term health effects of air quality, and mitigation and adaptation strategies for the Mediterranean region.