@article{af268a2de5184f1db9d21fd850ee2ca2,
title = "An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans",
abstract = "The developmental and evolutionary mechanisms behind the emergence of human-specific brain features remain largely unknown. However, the recent ability to compare our genome to that of our closest relative, the chimpanzee, provides new avenues to link genetic and phenotypic changes in the evolution of the human brain. We devised a ranking of regions in the human genome that show significant evolutionary acceleration. Here we report that the most dramatic of these 'human accelerated regions', HAR1, is part of a novel RNA gene (HAR1F) that is expressed specifically in Cajal-Retzius neurons in the developing human neocortex from 7 to 19 gestational weeks, a crucial period for cortical neuron specification and migration. HAR1F is co-expressed with reelin, a product of Cajal-Retzius neurons that is of fundamental importance in specifying the six-layer structure of the human cortex. HAR1 and the other human accelerated regions provide new candidates in the search for uniquely human biology.",
author = "Pollard, {Katherine S.} and Salama, {Sofie R.} and Nelle Lambert and Lambot, {Marie Alexandra} and Sandra Coppens and Pedersen, {Jakob S.} and Sol Katzman and Bryan King and Courtney Onodera and Adam Siepel and Kern, {Andrew D.} and Colette Dehay and Haller Igel and Manuel Ares and Pierre Vanderhaeghen and David Haussler",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements We thank G. Bejerano, C. Lowe, J. Kent, H. Noller, D. Feldheim, A. Love (UCSC), V. Albert and J.-C. Noel (Erasme Hospital), J.-P. Brion (ULB), A. Goffinet (UCL Louvain), the UCSC Genome Browser Group, Webb Miller (Penn. State), the Macaque Genome Sequencing Consortium, and the Broad Institute Genome Sequencing Platform and Whole-Genome Assembly Team. This work was funded by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (D.H., S.R.S. and B.K.), the US NHGRI (D.H., A.D.K., S.K. and C.O.), the US National Cancer Institute (J.S.P.), the US NIGMS (K.S.P. and M.A.), the University of California Biotechnology Research and Education Program (A.S.), the Danish Research Council (J.S.P.), the Belgian FNRS, the Belgian FRSM, the Belgian Queen Elizabeth Medical Foundation (FMRE), the Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme, Belgian State and Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs (P.V.), and the Fondation Erasme (M.-A.L. and N.L.). P.V. and M.-A.L. are Research Associate and Research Fellow of the FNRS, respectively.",
year = "2006",
month = sep,
day = "14",
doi = "10.1038/nature05113",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "443",
pages = "167--172",
journal = "Nature",
issn = "0028-0836",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "7108",
}