Assessing crowd management strategies for the 2010 Love Parade disaster using computer simulations and virtual reality

Dense crowds in public spaces have often caused serious security issues at large events. In this paper, we study the 2010 Love Parade disaster, for which a large amount of data (e.g. research papers, professional reports and video footage) exist.We reproduce the Love Parade disaster in a three-dimensional computer simulation calibrated with data from the actual event and using the social force model for pedestrian behaviour.Moreover,we simulate several crowdmanagement strategies and investigate their ability to prevent the disaster.We evaluate these strategies in virtual reality (VR) bymeasuring the response and arousal of participants while experiencing the simulated event from a festival attendee's perspective. Overall, we find that opening an additional exit and removing the police cordons could have significantly reduced the number of casualties. We also find that this strategy affects the physiological responses of the participants in VR.