Chemical and Biosensors Based on Graphene Materials

Recently, graphene has gained increased attention because of its unique physical and electrical properties. For example, graphene is characterized by an extremely high conductivity and electron mobility at room temperature as well as robust mechanical properties such as flexibility. Moreover, the atomic thickness of graphene makes it extremely sensitive to changes in the local environment. Therefore, graphene and related materials are ideal for the fabrication of chemical and biosensors. As chemical and biosensors are becoming an indispensable part of our society with wide usage across various fields, including biomedical, chemical processing, clinical, environmental, food, military, pharmaceutical, and security applications, in this chapter we seek to give an overview of the latest developments in the application of graphene-based materials to chemical and biosensors. In particular, we review graphene-based electronic, electrochemical, and optical sensors with particular emphasis on their underlying mechanism of action as well as their application to chemical and biosensing for highly selective and sensitive detection.