Effects of ship emissions on summertime aerosols at Ny-Alesund in the Arctic

Selected trace elements, ionic species and organic/elemental carbon in aerosols were measured in summer at Ny-Alesund in the Arctic, and an interpreted approach combining elemental ratios, back-trajectories and enrichment factors was used to assess the sources of aerosols observed at this location. Aerosol samples influenced by ship emissions were featured by elevated concentrations of non-crustal (nc) vanadium (V), nc- nickel (nc-Ni), non-sea salt (nss) sulfate (SO₄^2-) and ratios of nc-Ni/nc-V (1.7) and nss-SO₄^2-/nc-V (200). When two cruise ships with more than 1 500 passengers visited Ny-Alesund in July 2012, the total suspended particulate (TSP) mass reached 2 290 ng m^-3, almost three times the median TSP concentration (609 ng m^-3) measured during the study period. The nc-V concentration reached 0.976 ng m^-3, about 38-fold higher compared to the mean value of the sampling period, and this value was even higher than the annual mean value observed at Zeppelin station and the values measured during Haze events at North American Arctic and Norwegian Arctic. The concentrations of nc-Ni and nss-SO₄^2- were 0.572 ng m^-3 and 203 ng m^-3, which were 8-fold and 2-fold higher than the median values of the sampling period. While in the few-ship period, defined as the period with none or only one cruise ship with less than 1 000 passengers being present, aerosols at this location could be affected by a mixed impact of local emissions and long-range transport, reflected by the nc-Mn/nc-V ratios and element enrichment factors often found in the air masses from North America Arctic, Iceland and North Eurasia. Results from this study suggest that cruise ship emissions contributed significantly to atmospheric particulate matter at Ny-Alesund in the summer, effecting air quality in this area.