Effects of the thioredoxin-1 inhibitor PX-12 on blood-brain barrier permeability in the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia

Background/Aims: Since a thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) inhibitor, 1-methylpropyl-2-imidazolyl disulfide (PX-12) which is an antitumor agent, significantly decreased vascular permeability in tumor xenografts within a few hours of treatment, we tested whether PX-12 would attenuate blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia and whether its action could be affected by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) which interacts with the Trx-1 system. Methods: In rats, 40 min after intravenous infusion of either 25 mg/kg of PX-12 (PX-12 group) or normal saline (control group), a middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded. In half of each group, VEGF (10^-10 mol/l) was applied topically in the ischemic cortex (IC). Ninety minutes after MCA occlusion, the transfer coefficient (K_i) of ¹⁴C-α-aminoisobutyric acid and the volume of ³H-dextran distribution were determined to measure the degree of BBB disruption. VEGF protein levels were determined using Western blot analysis. Results: MCA occlusion increased the K_i in the control (+196%) as well as in the PX-12-treated rats (+90%), but the K_i of the IC of the PX-12 group was lower (-42%) than that of the control rats. VEGF protein levels were decreased in both the IC (-9.5%) and the contralateral cortex (CC; -10.2%) with PX-12 treatment. In the VEGF-treated rats, PX-12 also attenuated (-41%) the K_i of the IC. The difference in the volume of dextran distribution between the IC and the CC became insignificant with PX-12 treatment with or without VEGF application. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that PX-12 was effective in decreasing BBB disruption in the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia and that VEGF is not an important factor involved in the action of PX-12 on BBB permeability.