Extracellular matrix molecules: Synaptic plasticity and learning

Extracellular matrix molecules (ECMs), derived from both neurons and glial cells, are secreted and accumulate in the extracellular space. They not only regulate different aspects of synapse formation and maturation during development of nervous system but also influence hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning and memory in the adult. The emerging mechanisms comprise interactions of ECMs with their cognate cell surface receptors, including integrins, and lipoprotein and GABA _B receptors. These mechanisms significantly contribute to induction of long-term potentiation in excitatory synapses either via regulation of Ca ²⁺ entry through NMDA receptors or L-type Ca ²⁺ channels or via control of GABAergic inhibition.