TY - JOUR
T1 - Phenolic compounds and biological activities of small-size citrus
T2 - Kumquat and calamondin
AU - Lou, Shyi Neng
AU - Ho, Chi Tang
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2016
Copyright:
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2017/1/1
Y1 - 2017/1/1
N2 - Kumquat and calamondin are two small-size citrus fruits. Owing to their health benefits, they are traditionally used as folk medicine in Asian countries. However, the research on flavonoids and biological activities of kumquat and calamondin have received less attention. This review summarizes the reported quantitative and qualitative data of phenolic compositions in these two fruits. Effects of maturity, harvest time, various solvent extractions and heat treatment of phenolic compositions, and bioactivities were discussed; distributions of the forms of phenolic compounds existing in kumquat and calamondin were also summarized. Furthermore, biological activities, including antioxidant, antityrosinase, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antimetabolic disorder effects, have also been discussed. Effective phenolic components were proposed for a certain bioactivity. It was found that C-glycoside flavonoids are dominant phenolic compounds in kumquat and calamondin, unlike in other citrus fruits. Up to now, biological activities and chemical characteristics of C-glycoside flavonoids in kumquat and calamondin are largely unknown.
AB - Kumquat and calamondin are two small-size citrus fruits. Owing to their health benefits, they are traditionally used as folk medicine in Asian countries. However, the research on flavonoids and biological activities of kumquat and calamondin have received less attention. This review summarizes the reported quantitative and qualitative data of phenolic compositions in these two fruits. Effects of maturity, harvest time, various solvent extractions and heat treatment of phenolic compositions, and bioactivities were discussed; distributions of the forms of phenolic compounds existing in kumquat and calamondin were also summarized. Furthermore, biological activities, including antioxidant, antityrosinase, antimicrobial, antitumor, and antimetabolic disorder effects, have also been discussed. Effective phenolic components were proposed for a certain bioactivity. It was found that C-glycoside flavonoids are dominant phenolic compounds in kumquat and calamondin, unlike in other citrus fruits. Up to now, biological activities and chemical characteristics of C-glycoside flavonoids in kumquat and calamondin are largely unknown.
KW - biological activity
KW - calamondin
KW - kumquat
KW - phenolic compositions
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85008319038&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85008319038&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.10.024
DO - 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.10.024
M3 - Review article
C2 - 28911534
AN - SCOPUS:85008319038
VL - 25
SP - 162
EP - 175
JO - Journal of Food and Drug Analysis
JF - Journal of Food and Drug Analysis
SN - 1021-9498
IS - 1
ER -