Physical fitness evaluation

Physical fitness is simply defined as the capacity to perform physical work. Energy is necessary to perform work and sustain life and is extracted aerobically and anaerobically. Evaluation of aerobic fitness is based on the assessment of maximal oxygen consumption (Vo₂ max), either directly or indirectly. Direct assessment of Vo₂ max is usually determined by a graded exercise test using open circuit spirometry. Indirect assessments of Vo₂ max use standardized exercise protocols. Such protocols can also be used to estimate Vo₂ max with the subject exercising at submaximal heart rate levels. These estimates are based on the linear relationship between exercise heart rate and O 2 consumption. Walking and step tests that allow an estimate of fitness based on exercise and recovery heart rate responses are also available. Evaluation of anaerobic power consists of 30 to 120 seconds of high-intensity effort on a cycle ergometer, known as the Wingate test. Muscular strength is assessed by a maximum effort against the greatest resistance one can move through the full range of motion once, known as the 1-repetition maximum. Muscular endurance is assessed by tests requiring more than 12 repetitions, or the maximum number of push-ups or sit-ups one can execute without rest.