TY - JOUR
T1 - Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and gestational age at birth
AU - Freije, Sophia L.
AU - Enquobahrie, Daniel A.
AU - Day, Drew B.
AU - Loftus, Christine
AU - Szpiro, Adam A.
AU - Karr, Catherine J.
AU - Trasande, Leonardo
AU - Kahn, Linda G.
AU - Barrett, Emily
AU - Kannan, Kurunthachalam
AU - Bush, Nicole R.
AU - LeWinn, Kaja Z.
AU - Swan, Shanna
AU - Alex Mason, W.
AU - Robinson, Morgan
AU - Sathyanarayana, Sheela
N1 - Funding Information:
ECHO PATHWAYS is funded by NIH (UG3/UH3OD023271, P30ES007033). The Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE) study was funded by the Urban Child Institute. The TIDES study was funded by NIH R01ES016863 and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Intramural Funding (ZIA10331): Reproductive outcomes and oxidative stress in TIDES (ROOST). Dr. Kannan analyzed OH-PAH metabolites in TIDES with support from the New York University ECHO Cohort Center (UG3/UH3OD023305 (PI: Leonardo Trasande)). Research including Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS) participants was conducted using specimens and data collected and stored on behalf of the GAPPS Repository. We are grateful for the participation of families enrolled in the CANDLE, TIDES, and GAPPS cohort, as well as the dedication of CANDLE, TIDES, and GAPPS research staff and investigators. This manuscript has been reviewed by PATHWAYS for scientific content and consistency of data interpretation with previous PATHWAYS publications.
Funding Information:
ECHO PATHWAYS is funded by NIH (UG3/UH3OD023271, P30ES007033). The Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood (CANDLE) study was funded by the Urban Child Institute. The TIDES study was funded by NIH R01ES016863 and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Intramural Funding (ZIA10331): Reproductive outcomes and oxidative stress in TIDES (ROOST). Dr. Kannan analyzed OH-PAH metabolites in TIDES with support from the New York University ECHO Cohort Center (UG3/UH3OD023305 (PI: Leonardo Trasande)). Research including Global Alliance to Prevent Prematurity and Stillbirth (GAPPS) participants was conducted using specimens and data collected and stored on behalf of the GAPPS Repository. We are grateful for the participation of families enrolled in the CANDLE, TIDES, and GAPPS cohort, as well as the dedication of CANDLE, TIDES, and GAPPS research staff and investigators. This manuscript has been reviewed by PATHWAYS for scientific content and consistency of data interpretation with previous PATHWAYS publications.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors
PY - 2022/6
Y1 - 2022/6
N2 - Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous chemicals with mechanisms of toxicity that include endocrine disruption. We examined associations of prenatal urinary PAH with spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) and gestational age (GA) at birth. We also assessed whether infant sex modifies the association of PAH exposure with spontaneous PTB and GA at birth. Methods: Participants included 1,677 non-smoking women from three cohorts (CANDLE, TIDES, and GAPPS) in the ECHO PATHWAYS Consortium. Twelve monohydroxylated-PAHs were measured in second trimester maternal urine. Seven metabolites with >60% overall detection were included in analyses: 1-hydroxynaphthalene [1-OH-NAP], 2-hydroxynaphthalene [2-OH-NAP], 2-hydroxyphenanthrene [2-OH-PHEN], 3-hydroxyphenanthrene [3-OH-PHEN], 1/9-hydroxyphenanthrene [1/9-OH-PHEN], 2/3/9-hydroxyfluorene [2/3/9-OH-FLUO], and 1-hydroxypyrene [1-OH-PYR]. Logistic and linear regression models were fit for spontaneous PTB and GA among births ≥34 weeks, respectively, with log10-transformed OH-PAH concentrations as the exposure, adjusted for specific gravity and suspected confounders. Effect modification by infant sex was assessed using interaction terms and marginal estimates. Results: Percent detection was highest for 2-OH-NAP (99.8%) and lowest for 1-OH-PYR (65.2%). Prevalence of spontaneous PTB was 5.5% (N = 92). Ten-fold higher 2-OH-NAP exposure was associated with 1.60-day (95% CI: −2.92, −0.28) earlier GA at birth. Remaining associations in the pooled population were null. Among females, we observed significant inverse associations between 1-OH-PYR and PTB (OR: 2.65 [95% CI: 1.39, 5.05]); and 2-OH-NAP with GA: −2.46 days [95% CI: −4.15, −0.77]). Among males, we observed an inverse association between 2/3/9-OH-FLUO and PTB (OR = 0.40 [95% CI: 0.17,0.98]). ORs for PTB were higher among females than males for 2-OH-PHEN (p = 0.02) and 1-OH-PYR (p = 0.02). Discussion: We observed inverse associations of 2-OH-NAP exposure with GA and null associations of remaining OH-PAHs with GA and PTB. Females may be more susceptible to spontaneous PTB or shorter GA following prenatal exposure to some OH-PAHs. This study is the first to assess sex-specific OH-PAH toxicity in relation to spontaneous PTB and GA.
AB - Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous chemicals with mechanisms of toxicity that include endocrine disruption. We examined associations of prenatal urinary PAH with spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) and gestational age (GA) at birth. We also assessed whether infant sex modifies the association of PAH exposure with spontaneous PTB and GA at birth. Methods: Participants included 1,677 non-smoking women from three cohorts (CANDLE, TIDES, and GAPPS) in the ECHO PATHWAYS Consortium. Twelve monohydroxylated-PAHs were measured in second trimester maternal urine. Seven metabolites with >60% overall detection were included in analyses: 1-hydroxynaphthalene [1-OH-NAP], 2-hydroxynaphthalene [2-OH-NAP], 2-hydroxyphenanthrene [2-OH-PHEN], 3-hydroxyphenanthrene [3-OH-PHEN], 1/9-hydroxyphenanthrene [1/9-OH-PHEN], 2/3/9-hydroxyfluorene [2/3/9-OH-FLUO], and 1-hydroxypyrene [1-OH-PYR]. Logistic and linear regression models were fit for spontaneous PTB and GA among births ≥34 weeks, respectively, with log10-transformed OH-PAH concentrations as the exposure, adjusted for specific gravity and suspected confounders. Effect modification by infant sex was assessed using interaction terms and marginal estimates. Results: Percent detection was highest for 2-OH-NAP (99.8%) and lowest for 1-OH-PYR (65.2%). Prevalence of spontaneous PTB was 5.5% (N = 92). Ten-fold higher 2-OH-NAP exposure was associated with 1.60-day (95% CI: −2.92, −0.28) earlier GA at birth. Remaining associations in the pooled population were null. Among females, we observed significant inverse associations between 1-OH-PYR and PTB (OR: 2.65 [95% CI: 1.39, 5.05]); and 2-OH-NAP with GA: −2.46 days [95% CI: −4.15, −0.77]). Among males, we observed an inverse association between 2/3/9-OH-FLUO and PTB (OR = 0.40 [95% CI: 0.17,0.98]). ORs for PTB were higher among females than males for 2-OH-PHEN (p = 0.02) and 1-OH-PYR (p = 0.02). Discussion: We observed inverse associations of 2-OH-NAP exposure with GA and null associations of remaining OH-PAHs with GA and PTB. Females may be more susceptible to spontaneous PTB or shorter GA following prenatal exposure to some OH-PAHs. This study is the first to assess sex-specific OH-PAH toxicity in relation to spontaneous PTB and GA.
KW - Gestational age
KW - Maternal exposure
KW - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
KW - Preterm birth
KW - Sex-specific associations
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U2 - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107246
DO - 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107246
M3 - Article
C2 - 35453081
AN - SCOPUS:85128463511
SN - 0160-4120
VL - 164
JO - Environmental International
JF - Environmental International
M1 - 107246
ER -