Recent advances in cellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis: Implications to altered regulations of cellular Ca²⁺ and Na⁺-H⁺ exchange in essential hypertension

This review covers the role of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum in regulating Ca²⁺ influx across the plasma membrane, the role of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ in modulating mitochondrial function, and the role of the plasma membrane in regulating sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca²⁺, focusing on recent findings that shed a new light on cellular Ca²⁺ regulation. Mechanisms of interactions among the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and the plasma membrane are discussed with a view to explain the lack of consensus regarding the relationship between the cytosolic free Ca²⁺ and blood pressure, and the enigmatic behavior of the Na⁺-H⁺ exchanger in blood cells (primarily platelets and lymphocytes) from patients with essential hypertension.