TY - JOUR
T1 - The impact of social transfers on children in female-headed households
T2 - A comparison between Korea and the United States
AU - Ozawa, Martha N.
AU - Baek, Sun Hee
AU - Joo, Myungkook
N1 - Funding Information:
For each stage of income distribution, income was defined as follows:Korea1. Stage1. Market income: Earning (wages and salaries), plus income from savings and investment (interests from savings in bank and other financial institution; interests from corporate bonds or bonds, net gains from the sales of stocks, dividends, others; income from real estate (net monthly rent excluding deposit, net gains from the sale of real estate); other income from rent a land, premium; pensions from companies, minus taxes.2. Stage 2. Stage 1 + social insurance benefits: Benefits from the National Pension Scheme (old-age pension, disability pension, survivor pension, lump-sum refund, and lump-sum death payment); pension for government workers or teachers; pension for military service persons; unemployment benefits from the Employment Insurance System; benefits from the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance System, annuity for workers of national defense.3. Stage 3. Stage 2 + income-tested and other transfers: Benefits from social assistance such as the national basic livelihood security scheme and other support from the government.4. Stage 4. Stage 3 + private transfer: Support from the social group, help or support from relatives, and other private transfers.U.S.A.1. Stage 1. Market income: Earnings, income from assets (rent, interest, and dividends), retirement income, other miscellaneous incomes, minus federal, state, local taxes and social security payroll taxes.2. Stage 2. Stage 1 + social insurance benefits: Social insurance benefits (Social Security benefits, unemployment compensation, worker's compensation, and veterans' payments.3. Stage 3. Stage 2 + income-tested and other transfers: Benefit from temporary assistance to needy families, general assistance, supplemental security income, and earned income taxes.4. Stage 4. Stage 3 + private transfers: Private transfers from friends, relatives, which include alimony, child support, and financial assistance.
PY - 2009/3
Y1 - 2009/3
N2 - Korea is emerging as one of the economically advanced countries in Asia. Along with it, it is undergoing rapid demographic changes. As the fertility rate declines and as divorce rate sores, Korea potentially will have a larger proportion of children who will live in female-headed households. Thus, our study focused on the income status of children living in such households, on the degree to which social transfers improve these children's income status, as well as lessens income inequality among them. Based on OLS regression analyses, we estimated the effects of social transfers in reducing the disparity between income status of these children and that of children who live in male-headed and married-couple. We investigated conditions of U.S. children along the same issues, for comparative purposes. The major findings were that Korean children who live in female-headed households were more economically disadvantaged than the other two groups of children in Korea, that social transfers were less effective in improving the income status of these children than in improving the income status of U.S. counterpart children.
AB - Korea is emerging as one of the economically advanced countries in Asia. Along with it, it is undergoing rapid demographic changes. As the fertility rate declines and as divorce rate sores, Korea potentially will have a larger proportion of children who will live in female-headed households. Thus, our study focused on the income status of children living in such households, on the degree to which social transfers improve these children's income status, as well as lessens income inequality among them. Based on OLS regression analyses, we estimated the effects of social transfers in reducing the disparity between income status of these children and that of children who live in male-headed and married-couple. We investigated conditions of U.S. children along the same issues, for comparative purposes. The major findings were that Korean children who live in female-headed households were more economically disadvantaged than the other two groups of children in Korea, that social transfers were less effective in improving the income status of these children than in improving the income status of U.S. counterpart children.
KW - Children
KW - Female-headed households
KW - Income status
KW - Social transfers
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U2 - 10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.08.010
DO - 10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.08.010
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:59349106613
SN - 0190-7409
VL - 31
SP - 355
EP - 363
JO - Children and Youth Services Review
JF - Children and Youth Services Review
IS - 3
ER -