The necessary and sufficient conditions for motor learning, recognition, and recall

The first experiment paired four kinds of study tasks with three kinds of retrieval tests. Verbal repetition of a digit string produced motor facilitation without perceptual recognition, while, conversely, repeated perceptual processing of the digit string produced perceptual recognition of it without motor facilitation. Furthermore, perceptual and verbal repetition did not produce recall. Only repeated active retrieval attempts produced recall of the digit string, thus establishing the separate existence of the semantic code. In the second experiment, recognition memory declined faster following a task that did not involve the active retrieval of the digit string than one that did. These results extend the domain of the encoding specificity principle.