@article{ad20b45763bd4089aa780e5d6a2ffdb6,
title = "The path to COVIS: A review of acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes",
abstract = "Acoustic imaging of hydrothermal flow regimes started with the incidental recognition of a plume on a routine sonar scan for obstacles in the path of the human-occupied submersible ALVIN. Developments in sonar engineering, acoustic data processing and scientific visualization have been combined to develop technology which can effectively capture the behavior of focused and diffuse hydrothermal discharge. This paper traces the development of these acoustic imaging techniques for hydrothermal flow regimes from their conception through to the development of the Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS). COVIS has monitored such flow eight times a day for several years. Successful acoustic techniques for estimating plume entrainment, bending, vertical rise, volume flux, and heat flux are presented as is the state-of-the-art in diffuse flow detection.",
keywords = "Acoustic imaging, Grotto, Heat conduction, Heat transport, Hydrothermal fields, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Main Endeavour Field, Mid-ocean ridges, Pacific Ocean, Visualization",
author = "Bemis, {Karen G.} and Deborah Silver and Guangyu Xu and Russ Light and Darrell Jackson and Christopher Jones and Sedat Ozer and Li Liu",
note = "Funding Information: The development of acoustic imaging for hydrothermal plumes would not have been possible without the leadership and contributions of Peter Rona. This paper is a tribute to his unswerving pursuit of science. Thanks to all who have worked with COVIS or the acoustic imaging team. In addition to the named authors, we would like to thank our colleagues in acoustics (esp., Dave Palmer), engineering (esp., Vern Miller, Mike Kenny and Tim Wen), visualization (esp., Jay Takle, Jamshed Dastur, Dilip Hosehote-Kenchamena, Simon Wang, Nicu Cornea, Jeff Rabinowitz, Kristina Bennet, Peter Lin, Min Chen, Simon Walton, Alfie Abdul-Rauman), and oceanography-geology (Keven Hart, Christine Jedrzejczyk, Kyohiko Mitsuzawa, Dave Butterfield, Marv Lilley, Bob Embley, Mike Carr, Mike Kennish and Rich Lutz) for participation in various cruises, fruitful discussions, and assistance. We thank the many funding agencies who have supported our work in acoustic imaging: NSF OCE ( 1234141 , 1234163 , 9818841 , 9911523 ), OTIC ( 0824612 , 0825088 ) and CISE ( 0312272 , 070247 ), NOAA NURP and Geological Society of America (graduate student research grant 2014). We thank the US NRL, NOAA PMEL and AOML, and others for supportive interactions. We thank Ocean Networks Canada for their superlative assistance in deploying COVIS and for dive time and staff assistance in subsequent years.We thank the ship, submersible and vehicle crews including those of the R/V Laney Chauest, R/V Thompson, ROV Jason, Navy ATV, DSV Turtle, DSV SeaCliff, CSSF Tully, and ROV ROPOS. We thank the staff and scientists of Ocean Networks Canada for their ongoing support of COVIS on the NEPTUNE observatory (esp., Maia Hoebrechts, Steve Mihaly, Renya Jenkins, Ben Biffard, Dwight Owens, Bennoit Pirene, and Kim Juniper). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier Ltd.",
year = "2015",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.06.002",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "121",
pages = "159--176",
journal = "Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography",
issn = "0967-0645",
publisher = "Elsevier Limited",
}